![]() ![]() In certain cancers, including colorectal carcinoma, this activation is frequently due to alteration of Wnt pathway genes, commonly APC or CTNNB1 mutation 27–31. Aberrant activation of the Wnt/βcatenin pathway drives the development of many types of human malignancy 22–26. ![]() Although FAT1 has been shown to regulate cellcell association and actin dynamics 10, the role of this protein in cancer was unknown. In human cells, FAT1 protein is localized to the cell membrane, often concentrated at filo podia, lamellipodia and sites of cellcell contact. In contrast, FAT1 is not thought to have a strong role in these processes 9,18–21. fat has the greatest homo logy with mammalian FAT4, which has been implicated in both planar cell polarity and Hippo signaling 13–17. In Drosophila, loss of fat leads to cell cycle dysregulation and hyper proliferation in larval imaginal discs 9–12. In mammals, the FAT family includes FAT1, FAT2, FAT3 and FAT4, all related to the Drosophila tumor suppressor fat, which is known to have an important role in key developmental processes 7–9. The functions of protocadherin proteins remain incompletely understood. FAT1 encodes a member of the FAT protocadherin family, a group of transmembrane proteins com monly expressed in epithelial tissues. We have identified frequent somatic mutations in the FAT1 gene, located at 4q35.2. Type) tests of decoherence-induced CPT violation, which may characterise someĪ r t i c l e s Chromosome 4q35 is frequently lost in numerous types of human cancer, and it has been hypothesized that this region contains a tumor suppressor gene 1–6. Providing independent tests of CPT symmetry, as well as novel ("smoking-gun" Providing independent measurements of T(ime reversal) and CP Violation, thus I also mention the r\^ole of entangled states of neutral mesons in Then Iĭescribe briefly some tests of these symmetries, giving emphasis in low-energyĪntiproton physics and electric dipole moment measurements, of interest to thisĬonference. In this way I estimate some of theĬoefficients of the Standard Model Extension (SME), which is a framework for aįield theoretic study of such a breakdown of fundamental symmetries. Of matter over antimatter in the Universe. Gravity setting, nevertheless there are situations in which these violationsĪre due to a given classical background geometry that may characterised earlyĮpochs of our Universe, and in fact be responsible for the observed dominance Although the latter symmetries may be violated in a quantum This increase in the trapping rate played a major role in our recent measurements of the hyperfine transition and 1S-2S spectroscopy of antihydrogen, and the 1S-2S spectroscopy measurement is now one of the most precise tests of CPT symmetry.I review first some theoretical motivations for violation of Lorentz and/orĬPT Invariance. After implementing SDREVC in our experimental routines, the stability made it possible to optimize plasma manipulations for antihydrogen production runs and increase our antihydrogen trapping rate by approximately a factor of 20. The standard deviation in particle number of our initial load of positrons in 2016 was 24%, a fluctuation which was previously uncontrolled, but the standard deviation after SDREVC amounted to only 3%. The development took place in ALPHA's Penning-Malmberg traps, and consisted of designing and testing potential well shapes that allowed the compression and evaporation to occur simultaneously. Experimentally this method has proven to be very robust in delivering nearly identical plasmas, and theoretical calculations applying a finite temperature plasma model indicate that temperature effects in our operating regime are insignificant. It is the combination of two previously existing techniques, radial compression in the Strong Drive Regime (SDR) with Evaporative Cooling (EVC), thus we called it SDREVC. The method to stabilize the number of particles was based on a zero-temperature plasma model, which states that the plasma's on-axis self potential and density uniquely define a plasma. This thesis presents the development of a new method to simultaneously control the number of particles and plasma density of lepton plasmas, developments that increased our antihydrogen trapping rate, precision physics measurements performed on antihydrogen, and other plasma studies still under development. ![]() Prior to creating antihydrogen we must prepare the antiproton and positron plasmas to have optimal and repeatable parameters. The ALPHA (Antihydrogen Laser Physics Apparatus) collaboration creates and performs precise measurements on antihydrogen to test Charge-Parity-Time (CPT) symmetry. ![]()
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